Artificial Intelligence

 Have you ever played a game of chess against a computer? Did you notice that even 

without a human controlling it, the computer still made decisions enough to defeat an 

experienced chess player (if the difficulty is hard enough). This is because something we 

 call A.I. or Artificial Intelligence.

 I chose Artificial Intelligence because it is an interesting topic. Its a concept that appeared since the time of the ancient Egyptians and Greeks. It deals with the part of the computer that (when advance enough) can actually evolve(learn) and can possibly create a machine that can or almost can match a human's intelligence. Not only is it amazing, it is also important.

WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?

 It is the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, decision making, speech recognition, and translating between languages.

--www.Google.com--

 HISTORY

 The concept of Artificial Intelligence appeared as early as Ancient History. It was found in Greek Mythology, intelligent artifacts that actually behave with some degree of intelligence like Hephaestus' mechanical servants and the bronze man Talos, but it was only after computers were invented that the idea of A.I. became more concrete.

 About 400 years ago people started to write about the nature of thought and reason. Hobbes (1588-16790), who has been described by Haugeland (1985) as the "Grandfather of AI," espoused the position that thinking was symbolic reasoning like talking out loud or working out an answer with pen and paper. The first general-purpose computer designed was the Analytical Engine by Babbage. 

  Automata, the predecessors of today's robot, dated since the time of ancient Egyptians figurines with movable limbs like those found in Tutankhamen's tomb. Much later in the fifteenth century, drumming bears and dancing figurines were the favorite automata, and game players such as Wolfgang von Kempelen's Maezel Chess Automaton reigned in the eighteenth century. (Kempelen's automaton was proved to be fake; a legless master chess player was hidden inside.) But it took the invention of the Analytical Engine by Charles Babbage in 1833 to make artificial intelligence a real possibility.

--http://artint.info/html/ArtInt_5.html--

--aitopics.org/misc/brief-history--
--http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/artificial_intelligence.php--

USES OF A.I.  

• Game Playing - Like mentioned above, A.I. is used in some games like chess or checkers. They can also be used in games that include NPCs or Non-Player Characters.
• Speech Recognition and Understanding Language - When the A.I. is advanced enough, it can already understand speech recognition to some extent. It can also understand a sentence or a question. A good example is Watson, a robot that works and think like a human do, its capacity was shown in a Double Jeopardy show.(video: Watson - Double Jeopardy) While it is possible to instruct some computers using speech, most users have gone back to the keyboard and the mouse as still more convenient.
• Computer Vision - The world is composed of three-dimensional objects, but the inputs to the human eye and computers' TV cameras are two-dimensional. Some useful programs can work solely in two dimensions, but full computer vision requires partial three-dimensional information that is not just a set of two-dimensional views. At present there are only limited ways of representing three-dimensional information directly, and they are not as good as what humans evidently use.
• Heuristic Classification - One of the most feasible kinds of expert system given the present knowledge of AI is to put some information in one of a fixed set of categories using several sources of Information. An example is advising whether to accept a proposed credit card purchase. Information is available about the owner of the credit card, his record of payment and also about the item he is buying and about the establishment from which he is buying it (e.g., about whether their have been previous credit card frauds at this establishment).
• Expert System - A piece of software programmed using artificial intelligence techniques. Such systems use databases of expert knowledge to offer advice or make decision in such areas as medical diagnosis and trading on the stock exchange.

--http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node3.html--
--http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/ibmwatson/--
--http://www.Google.com--

OTHER USES OF A.I. :

•  Computer Science
•  Finance
•  Hospital and Medicine
• Heavy Industry
• Online and Telephone Customer Service
• Transportation
• Telecommunication Maintenance
• Toys and Games 
• Music
• Aviation
• News, Publishing and Writing

--en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_artificial_intelligence--

LIMITATIONS OF AI

  To date, all the traits of human intelligence have not been captured  and applied together to spawn an intelligent artificial being. Currently, AI rather seems to focus on lucrative domain specific applications, which do not necessarily require the full extent of AI capabilities. This limit of machine intelligence is known to researchers as narrow intelligence.

  There is little doubt among the community that artificial machines will be capable of intelligent thought in the near future. It's just a question of what and when... The machines may be pure silicon, quantum computers or hybrid combinations of manufactured components and neural tissue.

--http://ai-depot.com/Intro.html--  

HOW DOES AI WORK?

 Currently, there are many approaches on how AI work.

CYBERNETICS AND BRAIN SIMULATION: 

  As the name says, it is simulating the human brain to develop an AI similar to how a human brain works. Cybernetics is the science of communications and automatic control systems in both machines and living things.

SYMBOLIC

 When access to digital computers became possible in the middle 1950s, AI research began to explore the possibility that human intelligence could be reduced to symbol manipulation. The research was centered in three institutions: Carnegie Mellon University, Stanford and MIT, and each one developed its own style of research. John Haugeland named these approaches to AI "good old fashioned AI" or "GOFAI". During the 1960s, symbolic approaches had achieved great success at stimulating high-level thinking in small demonstration programs. Approaches based on cybernetics or neural networks were convinced that symbolic approaches would eventually succeed in creating a machine with artificial general intelligence and considered this goal of their field.   

 
TYPES OF SYMBOLIC:

• Cognitive Simulation
• Logic-based
• "Anti Logic" or Scruffy
• Knowledge-based 

SUB-SYMBOLIC

 By the 1980s progress in symbolic AI seemed to stall and many believed that symbolic systems would never be able to imitate all the processes of human cognition, especially perception, robotics, learning and pattern recognition. A number of researches began to look into "sub-symbolic" approaches to specific AI problems. 

TYPES OF SUB-SYMBOLIC:

• Computational Intelligence
• Bottom-up, embodied, situated, behaviour-based or nouvelle AI

 STATISTICAL
 In the 1990s, AI researchers developed sophisticated mathematical tools to solve specific subproblems. These tools are truly scientific, in the sense that their results are both measurable and verifiable, and they have been responsible for many AI successes  

--en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence--

  

PERSONAL VIEW

 Artificial Intelligence is important and interesting. Because of AI, we were able to create many wonderful things. Because of it, we were able to make our lives more comfortable and easy. When the first computer was built, calculations were done easier. Since the 21st century, mankind made great progress in the field of robotics. We are now able to create machines that can imitate how a human work and machines that can do hard calculations and dangerous tasks.

 AI is important and it is still improving, but even with the technology we have today, I think it is still not possible to create robotic creatures with level of intelligence as of a human. But even if that's the limitation of, it may still be very advance. Maybe one day, with the help of AI, we will be able to create robots to do dangerous works to limit the risk and be able to save lives. We'll be able to create machines to predict disasters with complex computation and create robots, nano-robots, to kill bacteria and viruses more quickly, and other great things with the help of Artificial Intelligence.

About the Title Name:
The word Cybernetics was a term used by Isaac Asimov for Artificial Intelligence.
Core means center, and one of the core part of a computer is its CENTRAL Processing Unit(brain). The title "A.I. - Cybernetics Core" means that Artificial Intelligence is the core.